Individual human identity Essay

It also means that importance of social class decreasing, but instead of class the role of status increased rapidly. For instance to show status people buy expensive cars and exclusive clothes. Differences in social classes could influence personal identity, because identity related to social groups to which the identity belongs, for example nationality, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, gender and class. First of all identity is â€Å"a sense of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and family and take a place in society† (Jary and Jary, 1991:p665). Identity also formed through some combinations of individual choice and structured group membership (for example in Arab countries Muslim women can`t drive the car). In additional, people could express their aspects of identity in a different way. For example clothing, which clothes choose to wear to show gender, post – modernism or class; language, which words to use when people speak with fiends to show class, educational background and gender. It is goes without saying that even though ‘class’ no longer exists, but we could easily identify person`s class, status and possessions from their clothing and way of behaving. The principle of the identity is closely linked to the idea of culture. As I have already mentioned identities could also be formed through the cultures to which people belong to. â€Å"Culture is the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills which make up ‘the way of life’ of an individual society â€Å"(Ralph Linton, 1945). For example norms and diet, in the UK at 17 o`clock most people have their couple of tea. Culture includes teaching and learning such process like socialization. We gain our identity through â€Å"socialisation†. Socialisation is the process by which we, as individuals, become members of our society or culture. We are also active participants in this process – we decide what to accept or reject. Process of learning culture or socialization includes family, school, peer, media and religion. For example: family, your parents give you name, first beliefs and tastes; school, teaches person rules and gives knowledge; religion, teach people to appreciate some values; peers, teach person how to socialize; media, gives people ideas about gender, status and class. Modern sociologists also think that being of a different class may involve differences in culture, economic circumstances, educational status, dietary preferences, housing conditions, property ownership and power. For example, differences in culture, people who are from middle and upper – middle class in free time visit museums and theatres, whereas working class visits pubs. One of the important factors in people’s culture and identity is social mobility, the ability to move from one class to another. For example, moving from the working to the middle class. Nowadays class, gender, sex, race and kinship have less influence on human identity. It is becoming more important human`s talent, knowledge, ambition and hard – working abilities for achieving a good position in the class system. World sociology has changed greatly, beginning of the XXI centuries gave to the UK a lot of new. New national socio – economic classifying statistics (NS – SEC), which replaced Registrar Generals classification. New sociologists have another view on dividing society into social classes. For instance class has been defined consisted of eight major classes. The first four is middle class, which include higher managerial and professional occupations, lower, intermediate occupations, small employers and own account workers. The other four is manual workers, including lower supervisory and technical, semi – routine occupations, routine occupations and never worked people. A big and new tendency had happened in modern Britain: the number of manual workers declines year by year. If for example in 1911 a percentage of manual workers was about 81%, in the year 2000 this percentage twice declined and become about 40% of total workforce. This become possible first of all because of developing new technologies: technique makes most manual work. Secondly because of changing of economical situation such as increasing life standards and education system. Traditionally social classes have been the main concept for understanding society, its behaviour or social conflicts, and predict the main movements of social behavior. Today`s sociologists in developed countries see classes like a historical phenomenon. The same view on social classes has Pakulski and Waters. They thought that class is no longer important factor in a human identity. According to Pakulski, we could pick out four main features such as cultuaralism, fragmentation, autonomization and resignification. For instance autonomization, which means that today`s people are not told what to do, they do what makes sense to them. For example, British working class is less likely to vote for the British Labour Party than it once was. To sum up, in this essay we discussed the different aspects of inequalities; we have seen that the UK is one of the most unequal societies. Inequalities of wealth, which means that one tenth of the UK population owns more than seventy percent of total wealth. Inequalities of income are significant, but welfare policy of the government such as taxation does have a huge effect in reducing the incomes between rich and poor. Finally, because of the government policy and developing new technologies, class has lost its power in the collective sense, however class would still remain fundamental to culture and human.

Frankenstein †1931 and 1997 Essay

Horror genre, sympathy for Frankenstein’s creation and suspense Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly wrote ‘Frankenstein’ in 1818. She was only 19 at the time. She had a unique upbringing as her mother was a radical feminist and her father was a politician. She then went on to marry Percy Bysshe Shelly who was a poet and helped her to write some of her book. Shelly’s book was thought to be the first horror/science fiction novel. There have been a number of productions of Shelly’s novel on stage and in 1931 there was a black and white movie about it, directed by James Whale. Then in 1997, Kenneth Branagh did his own production of the well-known novel. Scenes showing typical horror genre, sympathy for Frankenstein’s creature and scenes that create suspense are commonly found in the two movies of Frankenstein. The directors have used different media techniques to portray the movie in the way they want it to be viewed and interpreted by their choice of music, camera angles, special effects, editing, costumes, make-up, location and settings. The use of mise-en-scene is also important because if the things in the background don’t match what’s being acted the movie becomes unbelievable. Allowances like sound, colour and a few other things have to be made for the older versions of ‘Frankenstein’ because the technology in the days it was made were very limited. By studying the birth scenes in both versions, the techniques used to create horror, drama and suspense and sympathy for the creature can be analysed. There are some similarities in both movies and some differences. First of all I’ll explain the similarities and then the differences. In the Whale and Branagh versions both use low-key lighting to create a dark and spooky feeling. This is typical of horror movies and it can also create suspense because the audience can’t tell what is around the corners. This creates suspicion, worry and uncertainty. It is also used because it connects with people’s fear of the dark. It is common to find bad weather in horror movies and this is evident in both of the ‘Frankenstein’ movies. It is used just before and at the same time of the births. Whale and Branagh have used this technique because it gives a cold feeling and it gives credibility to what is happening in the foreground because the lighting, electricity is needed to make Frankenstein’s monster come alive. The locations of the births are quite typical too. In the Whale version it’s in a castle on top of a hill. Like ‘House on haunted hill’ and it looks creepy and somewhere you would want to be. In the Branagh version it’s more like hell with cauldrons, heat and sweat. It reminds me of a witch brewing an evil poison. Both places for the birth are effective in creating a ‘horror’ atmosphere but the second choice is less obvious. Non-diegetic, parallel fast background music can be heard in the birth scene in Branagh’s version and this creates suspense because it gets peoples adrenalin going. But it is typically found in horror movies for this reason in particular. In the Whale version there is no music but this could be because of how old the movie is and it was hard to sequence the music with the scenes. In the Branagh version of ‘Frankenstein’ one of the best ways sympathy is created for the creature is by the way he is presented to the audience. He looks almost human but has scars all over his face and body. It looks like someone who has been hurt badly and we feel sorry for him. On the other hand in the Whale version though it’s harder to feel sorry for Frankenstein’s monster because he looks less human and it’s harder to connect to him emotionally. In the Whale version ‘Frankenstein’ is wearing a lab coat and his hair is gelled back. He looks more professional and like a proper doctor. This makes us feel sorry for Frankenstein’s creation because it shows that Frankenstein just sees him as an experiment and not as a human being with feelings. Whereas in the Branagh version he looks more wild and rough looking. This gives us the feeling he does care about the outcome of the monster because he has been so busy trying to make the monster alive that he has forgotten about himself and when he thinks the monster is dead he goes â€Å"No, No, No†, implying that he is saddened that it didn’t work. In Branagh’s version of ‘Frankenstein’ you feel sympathetic with the monster when he is born, as he is naked, clumsy, and unable to walk. Amniotic fluid is everywhere and we watch Frankenstein’s monster slide and slip about. He appears vulnerable, like a baby. He can’t control what he’s doing and Frankenstein has to help him. This makes us pity him. This contradicts with the Whale version as we don’t get to see the monster moving about, trying to touch or walk in the birth scene so we don’t feel for him as much as he is still covered up and still practically lifeless.

10 Reasons to Get a College Degree Essay

In the article â€Å"10 Reasons to Get a College Degree† by Kelci Lynn, she discusses tangible and intangible reasons on why getting a college degree is important. One tangible reason is that a person with a college degree will be able to make more money than a person without a college degree, and able to get a better job than a person without a college degree. Leaving the person with the college degree with a larger range of income. A second tangible reason is better job opportunities. It is easier to get a good job with a college degree compared to a person without a college degree. With a college degree in hand, it opens up more and/or better job opportunities. A third tangible reason to have a college degree is that is prepares you for situations in life that have yet to occur. A degree better prepares someone for changes that can occur in the world around them when thrown their way. They will know how to handle and overcome them once they happen. One intangible reason on why to get a college degree is that it makes someone feel better about them self knowing that they accomplished something. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay A second intangible reason is a college degree can help someone realize that they can do and accomplish bigger and better goals and/or dreams. The third Intangible reason is that while getting a college degree is gives a person an opportunity to meet and become friends with a lot of people that could become helpful to them in the future if needed. For example: A doctor, lawyer, or even a teacher. I am attending college to get a degree for a few reasons. One reason is because I want to set a good example for my younger siblings so they will go farther with their life and want to go to college when they get older. I want them to be able to look at me and think to themselves that they can also accomplish something with their life, and be able to have better opportunities instead of just settling with a GED. A second reason is because I want to become successful as a person and actually do something with my life by having a career instead of just a job. With a college degree I will be able to go farther in life than I would without a college degree. A Third reason why I am going to college is I want to have the chance to be able to have a better income, rather than making minimum wage for the rest of my life. With the job I have now I hardly have enough money to put gas in my car, but by getting a college degree I can have a career instead of just a job and have a better chance of making a higher income. One of the last reasons why am attending college to get a degree is because I want to open more doors in my life. I would like to have more opportunities with the choices I am going to have to make in the future, so I can have a greater chance of becoming successful at what I want to do.

Cost, Profit and Cost Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cost, Profit and Cost Function - Essay Example did not have adequate information regarding cost, profit and the various nuances of cost of the company, the profit and also cost functions. So in order to give them a complete understanding of the various methods of determining the cost function, relationship between cost and profit have been discusses, the basic concepts of cost function has been explained and then the methods for determining cost function has been evaluated. Cost, Profit and Cost Function There are many factors that are included in profit planning, such as cost, profitability and volume. Here the focus would be only on cost and profit. Cost is inversely proportional to profit, that means lower the cost, higher the profit (Jayapandian 2008, 393). The revenue curve is controlled by the customers, while the organization can only control the cost curve. The fluctuations in the variable cost changes the slope of the cost curve, but the increase of fixed cost may totally wipe out the profits of the company. Variable cos t has high frequency of fluctuation than fixed costs. When the cost of the company equals its generated income, then it is termed as breakeven point. The margin above this point is the profit of the company (Kolitz, Quinn, and McAllister 2009, 301-303). Cost functions are nothing but economic formula that replicates the functions of the output and input prices. In a layman’s language we can say that it simply involves finding the cost of materials for production of a particular quantity of goods. Cost function is actually a mathematical explanation which estimates the changes in cost with the levels of change related to such cost. For example: actives involved in preparing the operating machines and production runs. Cost function can be explained through graphical representation in which measurement of activity levels, such as machine hours required or the total amount of goods produced in the given time can be assessed (Horngren 1967, 308). There are various methods of calcu lating cost function, such as engineering, visual fit, regression, and account analysis. The engineering analysis is past experienced based review of cost in a systematic manner. Visual fit as the name suggest is a representation of data in a scatter diagram. Regression analysis includes mathematical formula to ascertain the cost equation that fits the data best. High low method utilizes linear algebra for the determination of fixed and variable costs, but the results are not reliable. Lastly, account analysis deals with analyzing the accounting records and determining the behavioral patterns (Whittington and Delaney 2007, 398-399). Conclusion Cost and profit go hand in hand. Cost of the company needs to be reduced to increase profit. Cost functions include functions like planning and controlling the various activities of the organization and accurately estimates the projected fixed and variable cost. There are various methods that are utilized to estimate the cost function such as regression method, engineering method, account method, visual fit method, high-low method, etc. The usage of each of these methods depends on the data available and the type of analysis required by the manager. Presentation 6 Introduction In this presentation the relationship between volume, costs and price would be explained so as to show the effect of changes in each element on the other. Bond & ltd. wanted to project the changes in profit figures due to fluctuations in volume and cost. So in this presentation an explanation of all these terms would be sated for the management to understand the concepts carefully. Cost, profit and volume can be represented graphically and also in the form of equation. Graphical representation is easier for managers to understand, as they can easily

Design evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Design evaluation - Essay Example In the United Kingdom today copper is a popular material used for facades, roofs and other external building elements on some of the most exciting modern designs. But this has not always been so. Historically, copper roofs several hun ¬dred years old can be seen on many British city skylines, although usually limited to churches, civic buildings and other important structures. During the twentieth century, copper roofs became more widely used for ordinary buildings – although many were of little architec ¬tural quality. Unfortunately, poor de ¬tailed design and installation techniques resulted in technical failures and the material fell out of fashion until the 1980s. Then, the copper industry intro ¬duced modern installation techniques to the UK – including the long-strip meth ¬od – and launched a promotional cam ¬paign to make architects aware of cop ¬per as a thoroughly modern architectural material. This ‘Copper in Architecture’ cam paign continues today.(Article by Tom Woolley in Sustain magazine, vol 3 no 3) It highlights the ability for copper sheets to be easily formed to suit any three-dimensional shape, making it a suitable weatherproof covering for virtually any external surface including roofs of all pitches, vertical cladding, gutters, soffits and even sculptural elements. Architects now recognise that it is one of the few materials that can offer complete mate ¬rial continuity and real freedom of form in architectural design.

Analyze the Nike Ad in terms of its appeals (ethos, pathos, logos) Essay

Analyze the Nike Ad in terms of its appeals (ethos, pathos, logos) - Essay Example That is because nobody can know a body well enough than the person who lives in the body. As for the pathos of the statements delivered by the text, it is very clear that the writer wants to deliver the message that it is good to be comfortable with ones body regardless of what the public may say. The ad chooses to appeal to the readers sense of self identity based upon some preset conditions in the past. It clearly tries to appeal to the readers self-interest and emotions. When it comes to the logos of the ad however, one thing is very clear, the ad uses some highly effective logic in order to help sell the product to the two kinds of logic presented in the ad. These logos come into play as the words in the advertisement agrees to and encourages the reader to give himself a chance to be happy just the way he is. While also encouraging to think of the logical arguments presented thus creating a logical statement that will certainly be in need of future discussion. Overall, this is one highly effective ad for Nike as it encourages free thinking and the importance of feeling comfortable in ones own skin. As the ad says, Just do

Discussion of Outsourcing and Its Pro and Cons Assignment

Discussion of Outsourcing and Its Pro and Cons - Assignment Example The IT functions include but not least software development, maintenance or support services in which the company deems cheaper to operate (Gartner, 2013). This occurs when an organization finds that it's cheaper to contract a third party to manage it IT than building an in-house IT department, or out-source a software or data storage than buying and maintaining its own. IT insourcing is acquiring or taking back the IT functions that have been previously been outsourced to a supplier or a third party provider (3P). In insourcing, the company takes control of the valuable business process and cease entrusting the functions to a 3P. The main difference between insourcing and outsourcing comes in the cost of the company, hence insourcing is more expensive as the company has to start from scratch whereas outsourcing the work is already flowing and the employees are familiar with the job (Marquis, n.d.). To achieve the same results insourcing firm uses its own acquired resources whereas in case of the outsourcing the firm uses the resources of the 3P. Insourcing involves placing a new location site for the operation site within the confines of the four walls of the organization, whereas involves using a facility that it’s outside the vicinity of the company. The insourcing the firm has total control of the employees and IT business process; whereas in outsourcing the management lacks or has no control over the way 3P operates (Marquis, n.d.). IT offshoring is relocating of IT business process from the primary country to another one to lower the administrative costs or due to lack of expertise in the primary country. This is mainly to take advantages of local resources, reducing costs and increasing the local market share; offshoring firm does not lose the ownership and the operations remain intact and unchanged (Lu, 2011).  

European Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Law - Assignment Example The paper tells that the directives are outcome based, which means that the member states may implement the directive in the manner in which they choose, but they must implement regulations and laws which achieve the objectives of the directive. Directives are principle based because every nation has sovereignty, therefore they need to be free to implement their own laws, yet there must also be harmony in the international system. Therefore, by issuing principles to the member states in the EU, not rules to implement, directives accomplish the needed goal of harmonizing Union law while acknowledging the freedom that member states enjoy in implementing their own laws. In this case, there is a conflict between the directive set forth and the municipal law that the UK adopted to implement the directive. Specifically, the UK law is more draconian than the directive. A case which would helpful to Blokkia in this regard is that of Luciano Arcaro Case C-168/95. In this case, Luciano Arcaro was accused of discharging dangerous chemicals into water. In this case, the municipal law stated that there was a distinction between new plants and existing plants, and when the plant was existing, there was not a requirement for authorization for the discharges. The directive upon which this law was based did not make such a distinction. Therefore, if the directive is the law which governed this particular case, Arcaro, who was operating an existing plant, would be liable, as he did not get authorization to discharge these harmful chemicals. On the other hand, if the municipal law is the one which governed this case, Arcaro would not be liable and could not be prosecuted, as he was within the purview of the municipal law. The court in this case found that the municipal law would be the one which controlled. Their reasoning was that the directive imposed an obligation which hadn't been incorporated into existing municipal law, and it had the effect of aggravating the liability in criminal law for persons who act in contravention of this law. In this case, Blokkia might argue that the inverse of Arcaro would be true. This is that there is a contradiction between the directive and the municipal law. Specifically, the municipal law imposes criminal penalties for situations which the directive does not address. The directive does not state that mobile phones may not be sold to children under the age of 10, and that doing so would constitute a criminal offence. It does state that there must be warnings on these products and details about the risks printed on these packages. As in Arcaro, the directive and the municipal law are inconsistent, and the municipal law has the effect of aggravating the directive law. Blokkia is within the purview of the directive law, assuming that they did label the product and included the information that the directive requires, so it may state that, since the municipal law aggravates the directive, that the directive is the law whic h should govern, by using the logic of the Arcaro court. In the case of Federal Republic of Germany v. European Parliament and Council of the European Union Cas C-380/03, there is further instruction upon which Blokkia might rely. Specifically, this case concerned a directive which prohibited the advertising and sponsorship of tobacco products by the printed media and radio broadcasts. This case stated that there were disparities which existed between the individual Member States' national laws, and that these disparities were such that the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services were implicated. This court notes that if there are disparities between the member states in implementing this directive's principles, such that it has a direct effect on the

Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Labor - Essay Example While the responsibility for providing a safe work environment falls onto the employer and its Human Resources management team, it is the responsibility of the employee to comply with the rules that are required to ensure a safe working environment. In this brief outline, the phenomenon of Labor Unions will be critically analyzed and explored, discussing the purpose of a union, experience with unions from a Human Resource perspective, Good Faith, and a number of associated terms that bring clarity to the whole labor union movement. Since before the 1950’s, United States employees have been fighting for equity, fairness, and to be treated with dignity and respect. It is through the labor union movement that the AFL-CIO was able to form and demand fair practices and acceptable working conditions on job sites all across America. The reasons why many workers from various industries came to join a union, and continue to do so to this day, is to ensure that their rights are preserved and that their health and safety are protected. In many cases, currently and historically, there are unfair practices going on around the world. American union members are now encouraging laborers in other countries to organize unions in order to do the same thing. Dressler states that as many as 14.7 million U.S. workers belong to unions, about 11.9% of the total (Dressler, 2013, p. 496) (Dessler, Human Resource Management, 13th Edition). The views of this outline concerning labor unions have more to do with the theoretical discourse that is ascertained through reading both historical and current events. Its perspective is also influenced by images in the news media of labor union strikes displaying angry blue collar workers and picketers marching and shouting in front of their place of employment, or at least the corporate office. It has much less to do with the limited knowledge and experience on a professional level. With that caveat being

Investment Article Critiques (2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment Article Critiques (2) - Essay Example These are Mutual funds with a variant dollar cost averaging. Currently many investors have made the decision to â€Å"go to cash† until the market stabilizes. Many have seen their mutual funds decline anywhere between 25% and 50% over the past years and are gun shy to reinvest at the moment leaving $8.85 trillion dollars in cash (Martin & Tsang, 2009, p. F3). The two approaches are to put all your money in at once at take the risk that it will rise or fall or, as with the variant of dollar cost averaging â€Å"a certain percentage of the investors money is invested each month for the next five or six months.† (2009, p.13) This can help mitigate the all at once method by using the average of the several timed investments to create a better percentage of return overall. However, both require a certain amount of overall risk in this particular market and while dollar cost averaging may help, if the market has not stabilized or bottomed out yet, both methods could still result in short term losses. While cash may still be king for some time yet, the only tried and true method of investment is, â€Å"Don’t Panic† as most down markets have proven the turnaround, if you can wait for it, far outweighs any reinvestment strategies in the long run. As mentioned in the previous article review there is over $8.85 trillion dollars in cash floating around in various accounts like money markets and bank deposit accounts, earning rock bottom interest, many as low as .1% annually. However, as investors see it, it is safe from the market at this time. The current Federal Reserve data states that this is, â€Å"equal to 74 percent of the market value of U.S. companies, the highest ratio since 1990.† (2009, p. F3) Talk about a real stimulus package! Martin and Tsang review several investments that have beaten the odds in 2008 and made money and offer this as the stimulus to investors to qualm

Segmentation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Segmentation - Term Paper Example Segments are the portions attained after considering the various variables that include age, gender, and societal class in terms of income generation, attitudes, and opinions. Other factors include their interests, physique, and their knowledge status among many others. Segmentation is part of the many tools and theories in the marketing world (Wedel and Kamakura 69). For instance, the manufacturing of the products is within the target needs of a specific part of a population. This paper will seek to expound on the various steps involved in analyzing of the same. The other objectives of this paper shall include in-depth market analysis of a product of choice in line with segmentation, the various segmentation variables, and how they influence the marketing and selling of the identified product. In addition, it will give a detailed analysis of the existing market segments carefully depicting the underutilized variables in improving the marketing and distribution of the chosen product. Predominantly, there are two classes of variables, which influence the use of segmentation in a target market. The first factor is needs, which essentially is what an individual cannot do without. Mostly, wants take the place of needs as is in many instances individuals confuse their urgency and importance. A want is something that one can simply delay its use as it is not pressing or not of urgency. Essentially, needs are the most basic things and are unavoidable. In market segmentation, the needs of the consumer are the referral point in the marketing strategy. Obtaining of these needs is through the conducting an intensive research in the identified market (McDonald and Dunbar 40). The other variable is profilers, which are the detailed description of consumers’ characteristics by determining their age, area of residence, citizenship, income level and their gender. Further, under area of residence, ascertaining if the segmented group lives in urban or rural setting is cri tical as the way of life for those living in the two tend to be different (Weinstein 54). Amazingly, examples of profilers and the characteristics of the needs revolve around the same factors mentioned above. Further, a field’s societal status can also be the base of the argument that distinguishes what a segmented group would want and what it would not. For instance, race and religion play a role in the segmentation period as marketing of a certain product to a certain race would be unsuccessful as their religion may not allow it (Yankelovich and Meer 5). Therefore, market research is an important tool that would ensure the successful penetration of a product into a targeted market. The lifestyle of those whom a marketing company intends to roll out the product to should also serve as their reference point. Many product releases fail to pick in a market mainly because the product does not get to the right individuals. Poor study of the group leads to such cases, thus inhibit ing exhaustion of the market area. Another factor is the behavior of the segmented group in terms of the product usage. In a market, there are high, middle and low level consumers of a specific product. In essence, profiling them according to their different usage levels helps the marketer to determine the amount of products to release into the market (Wedel and Kamakura 73). One among the extensively growing industries is the automobile one. With the motor industry as the basis, it is

Chinese Business Essay Example for Free

Chinese Business Essay Introduction It is often argued that when business persons of different cultures negotiate commercial deals, there is bound to be a culture clash. I disagree with this view. It is true that cultural differences influence business negotiations but with the appropriate approach to deal with the differences, culture clash is to be least expected in any business negotiations, especially with the Chinese. As Sun Tzu would advised in his book The Art of War â€Å"Know your enemy and know yourself and you will win all battles† (Sun Tzu 1913). According to Newstrom and Davis (2002) there are many striking differences across countries, just as there are some surprising similarities. Clearly, residents of each country have their own preferences for clothes, food, recreation, and housing. In his research about national cultures of sixty countries, Hofstede (1993) revealed that cultures differ in five key factors namely, individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and time orientation. Among these factors, the Chinese have the culture that value clarity and have the kind of orientation that accent values such as necessity of preparing for the future, the value of thrift and savings, and the merits of persistence. Literatures on different cultures also classify China as high-context culture which tends to emphasize personal relations, place value on trust, focus on non-verbal cues, and accent the need to attend to social needs before business matters (Newstrom and Davis 2002). Culture is very important in certain country such as China. Huntinghon (2000) as cited by Fellner (2008) defined culture as the values, attitudes, beliefs, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society. He stressed that culture is dynamic, interactive, and synergistic, and intermixes with all the elements of the society such as business and economic development (Huntinghon 2000; Fellner 2008). Huiping (2009) stated in her article entitled Understanding Chinese culture leads to business success with China’s growing significance as an economic superpower  understanding the Chinese psyche becomes very helpful and useful in business negotiations management of supplier relations and many other business situations. As emphasized by Uthaisangchai (n. d. ), Chinese history and culture has impact on the way they do business and each of the many elements of the Chinese culture has a role to play in today Chinese business world. In Hofstede’s (1980) theory of individualism-collectivism as cited by Jones (2009), the individualism and collectivism dimensions differs on the degree a culture is committed to an in-group such as extended family, company or village. In the individualistic society, people are less attached to an in-group (that is, people are more self-centered and in pursuit of their own self-interests). Meanwhile in the collectivist society, people are more attached to an in-group, that is the interests of the in-group come first. Jones (2009) also noted from Hofstede and Bond (1988) that such value of collectivism likely stems from a deep rooted, ingrained culture based on the traditional philosophy of Confucianism. Uthaisangchai (n.d,) gave emphasis of the teachings of Confucius in the development of the culture of Chinese. In the article entitled Connecting Confucianism, Communism and the Chinese Culture of Commerce, Keller and Kronstedt (2005) explained that Confucianism is a very important component of the Chinese culture. â€Å"In a Confucian society, everyone has a role to play, and the key relationship is built around the family†¦ Chinese cultures value family connections and protecting relationships (saving face). Developing ‘family-like’ relationships takes time and patience, not merely a contractual deal based solely on money. If one has to do business in a Chinese culture, it is critical to understand and respect Confucian values† (Keller and Kronstedt 2005). Keller and Kronstedt (2005) further emphasized the significance of connections-Guanxi. In Confusian-based society like China, guanxi or proper connections are more crucial than price, product, place, etc. According to Jones (2009), China is known for being loyal to their in-group’ and favoring them in business related decision. As given emphasis by Li (2008) as cited by Jones (2009), understanding the guanxi is critical for conducting business in China and it involves cultivating trust, credibility and reciprocity. One way to understand cultural differences is through the concepts of high-context culture and low-context culture. The notion of ‘context’ can be understood as the social environment in which a business transaction takes place. Edward T. Hall’s theory of high- and low-context culture explains the powerful effect culture has on communication. The countries classified as high-context cultures include China, Korea, Japan, Middle East, Africa, Italy and South America in which people are characterized as collectivists, relational, contemplative and intuitive. This implies that the people in these societies put emphasis on good relationship between members of the society. In relation to business transactions, the development of trust is a very important step. Hall (1976) argued that the people in high-context cultures prefer harmony in group and agreement for the achievement of individual members; also individuals make decisions based on their feelings or intuition. The theory further emphasized that individuals focus on non-verbal cues, that is, words are not so significant in communication as compared to context; rather, more is given emphasis on context which include facial expression, tone of voice of the speaker, posture, gestures, and family history and status of the individual. The communication in the high-context culture is depicted as formal and indirect, which suggests that flowery humility, flowery language, and apologies that are often too elaborated are common. Also, communicators in this type of culture do not depend on language precision and legal documents. Meanwhile, the countries classified as having low-context culture include Germany, North America, Finland, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden are linear, logical, action-oriented, and individualistic. Individuals in the low-context countries value facts, logic and they prefer directness. Finding solutions to problems involves identifying and enumerating all the facts and evaluating each of the options. Also, each decision is based on facts; more often each discussion ends with an action. Communicators in this type of culture are anticipated to be concise, straightforward, and efficient in conveying the action that is expected. According to Hall (1976), communicators have to be precise in the words used in communicating to be absolutely understood. All negotiations are always concluded with definite contracts. Summing up the differences, on the one hand, high-context cultures tend to emphasize personal relations, place high value on trust, focus on nonverbal cues, and accent the need to attend to social needs before business matters. On the other hand, low-context cultures tend to interpret cues more literally. Individuals tend to rely on written rules and legal documents, conduct business first, and value expertise and performance. With these classifications of cultures, it is apparent that when Americans negotiate with Chinese, a failure in negotiation if not a culture is more likely if the former group is not familiar with the latter. As noted by Minor and Lamberton (2010) from an interview with intercultural communication expert ray Ruiz: â€Å"Countries in Latin American and Asia value the building of relationships, but each in their own unique way. Before traveling to another country, I would recommend reading appropriate materials and speaking with foreign nationals residing in the U. S. in regards to the customs and business practices in their country of origin. I would also suggest that, once in a foreign country, it is important to observe your host’s mannerisms and responses and respectfully respond in a like manner. Be well versed on acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. For example, when in Asia, do compliment and share your impressions of their country. Do not decline any food or drink because this is viewed as an insult. In Latin America, do begin all meetings with friendly conversation regarding family or other social topics. Do not begin a meeting delving directly into the business objective. The lesson many American business people fail to learn is that â€Å"it is all in the relationships† (Minor Lamberton 2010). In his article Doing Business In and With China: The risks are great, but so are the rewards, Atkinson (2004) noted from Stephen Nelson, the partner and co-head of the China practice group for the Hong Kong-based law firm Baker McKenzie, that when acquiring businesses in China, it is important to realize that there are perceived cultural differences. One of the important lessons in making business in China is that foreigners simply cannot enter a venture in China with only a cursory understanding of its terms and conditions. Atkinson (2004) cited an example of a US company that recently decided to make an investment in China by setting up a joint company through its Hong Kong manufacturing agent. The US company sent over $3 million worth of equipment, then came to us with documentation written in Chinese and asked ‘Can you look at this and tell us whether we really own 50 percent of this company? ’ Akgunes et al (2012) identified several points to consider for successful negotiations. According to Zhao (2000) as cited by Akgunes et al (2012), negotiations become successful when the participating parties are cooperative with one another; this can be done by applying the cooperative Confucian tactics. Also, for a western company like a US company, such company has to show that they have government support which is an indication that they are reliable, stable and credible to do business with. According to Fang (2006) as noted by Akgunes (2012), trust will lead to much better performance and being patient will be more beneficial to you than any other attribute you might possess. Bredin (1998) as cited by Akgunes (2012) also suggested that a foreign business negotiator should not give in to pressure from superiors to hurry up and complete the deal because can cause problems because the Chinese are not greatly concerned with the time dimension. There are companies that also failed to successfully negotiate business deals with the Chinese. According to Fang (2006) as cited by Akgunes (2012), the most common reason for failure is that the Chinese firm lacks the funds to go through with a deal. Also, sending a low-ranking employee to make the negotiation will be viewed as very impolite and the Chinese may find it insulting and insincere, in this case failure is also almost certain. Moreover, it is important to note from Sebenius (2002) as cited by Akgunes (2012) that Chinese law says that one cannot leave a contract unless both sides approve dissolution. Fang (2006) as cited by Akgunes et al (2012) also emphasized that Failure to say no to a Chinese negotiator who is using a Sun Tzu-like strategy could be detrimental to the deal, but on the other hand, saying â€Å"no† to a Confucian gentleman could cause a loss of face. This also will be very harmful, if not fatal, to a successful deal. The Chinese have regional areas just like the United States and there are very different cultures, traditions and sometimes languages in these regions. Not acknowledging these regions can cause you to have limited success in one area and a complete failure in another (Fang 2006; Akgunes 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, like what Sun Tzu have said in his book The Art of War â€Å"Know your enemy and know yourself and you will win all battles† (Sun Tzu 1913). This means that for companies to be successful in making business deals, having the capital is not enough to close a business deal. Knowledge and understanding of the culture of the prospect business partner is very important. Other than this, Sebenius (2002) emphasized that culturl allegiances are often not as simple as they appear. Designing the right strategy and tactics in reaching the right people, with the right arguments, will result to a sustainable deal. References Fellner, Amira 2008, ‘Role of Culture in Economic Development: Case Study of China and Latin America’, Graduate School Theses, University of South Florisa Schoalr Commons, viewed from http://scholarcommons. usf. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1235context=etd Hall, Edward 1976, Beyond Culture. Hofstede, Geert 1993, ‘Cultural Constraints in Management Theories’, Academy of Management Executive, pp. 81-94. Jones, Gwen 2009, ‘Differences in the Perceptions of Unethical Workplace Behaviors among Chinese and American Business Professionals, Competition Forum, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 473-480. Keller, G. Kronstedt C. 2005, ‘Connecting Confucianism, Communicsm, and the Chinese Culture of Commerce’. Journal of Language for International Business, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 60-75. Minor, Leslie Lamberton, Lowell 2010, ‘High-Context Low-Context Cultures’, viewed from http://www.cascadebusnews. com/business-tips/networking/154-high-context-a-low-context-cultures. Newstrom, JW. Davis, K. 2002, Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work, McGraw-Hill Sun Tzu 1913, The Art of War. Uthaisangchai, Prasong (n. d. ), ‘The Importance of Understanding Chinese Culture’, viewed form http://www. bangkokbank. com/download/Week%2012%20Culture%20intro. pdf Huiping, Iler 2009, ‘Understanding Chinese Culture Leads to Business Success, Canadian HR Report, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 18.

Theories for Product Bundling

Theories for Product Bundling RASHIDA ABDULHAMID WHY DO FIRM BUNDLE TWO PRODUCTS TOGETHER AND HOW IS IT LIKELY FOR THEM TO MAKE PROFIT? What is product bundling? Product bundling is simply means combining two or more goods together and selling them as on one combined product. It is mostly common in market with imperfect competitive product. It is a marketing strategy that joins products or services together in order to sell them as a single combined unit. Bundling allows customers to purchase two or several product at the convenient purchasing power from one company. The products and services are usually related, but they can also consist of dissimilar products which appeal to one group of customers. It based on consumer’s value the grouped package more than the individual items. Why do producer go into product bundling? Producers go into product bundling because of so many reasons, bundling of two products gives the producer to offer more affordable prices for their customer with also a better interest for them. Bundling enhances an organizations offering mix while at the same time minimizing cost of both production and selling. This is attractive to consumers who will benefit from a single, value-oriented purchase of complementary offerings. Bundling is attractive to producers by increasing efficiencies, such reducing marketing and distribution costs. It can also encourage customers to look to one single source to offer several solutions. Product bundling may also incorporate products from multi producers. Example of this is the palo alto software may include one of their business planning product with an accounting software package, or participate in a small business bundle† through a major computer manufacturer whose customers would have the opportunity to purchase with their new PC. In these situations, bundles may cost effectively open to new marketing channels. FACTORS CONSIDER WHEN BUNDLING INCLUDE VOLUME: bundling typically increases unit sales volume. MARGING: bundling can reduce margins. EXPPOSURE: bundling may offer new channel opportunities or exposure to new potential customers. RISK: if executed incorrectly, bundling may cannibalize more profitable sale, resulting in lower contribution margins and potential channel conflict. This last example has three important implications. First, the market outcome is not necessarily efficient, in the sense that a social planner with full information and no costs of imposing a solution could do better. That should not be surprising in light of the results in the product selection literature that the set of product offerings is not necessarily efficient. Second, while the model reveals a bias toward the offering of a bundle, the bias is primarily toward mixed bundling, not toward pure bundling or other forms of tying. Indeed, although the preceding example does not show it, the model can be interpreted to suggest a bias against pure bundling. In a companion paper, we show that the conditions for pure bundling to be the only sustainable outcome are stronger than the conditions for pure bundling to be the efficient outcome. The model does not rule out the possibility of inefficient tying. Tying can be. the predicted outcome when components selling is optimal, but there is no systematic reason for this to be the case. There is a tendency in the model for big groups to get the offering they want. But this effect holds equally when the biggest group wants just one component as when the biggest group wants the bundle. Third, in analyzing the welfare consequences of bundling discounts (under mixed bundling), it is important to distinguish between marginal cost savings and the effect of fixed costs. Both are potential sources of savings to the group that purchases the bundle, but only the marginal cost savings reflect welfare gains. In this example, there is a substantial bundle discount; the bundle price of 19 is 5 less than the sum of the components prices. Under pure components selling, they would pay a total of 20, which is also more than the bundle price under mixed bundling. Notwithstanding this private benefit, it is inefficient for the bundle to be offered. In contrast, if there were no fixed costs and the bundle discount reflected a marginal cost savings of 5, then mixed bundling would be efficient. . Which products are offered depends on the extent to which bundling lowers marginal cost, on the fixed costs of offering each product, and on demand. For a product to be offered in the kind of contestable market we describe here, three conditions must holdthese are known in the formal economics literature as sustainability conditions. First, no price can exceed average cost. Otherwise another firm could enter and provide the product to the same group of customers for less. Second, the price of each product must be low enough that the seller of a second existing product cannot profitably lower its price and attract the purchasers of the first. Third, prices must be low enough that entry with a product not offered is unprofitable. First, marginal cost savings are neither necessary nor sufficient for tying to occur in competitive markets. They are not necessary because, even without marginal cost savings, firms may not separately provide a product if there is not enough demand to cover the fixed cost of offering that product this result assumes that the firm is offering a bundle that attracts at least some consumers who want that product. They are not sufficient because, even with marginal cost savings, firms may find that there are enough consumers who want the products separately and do not value the other product they will therefore oiler the bundle to attract consumers who want both and separate products to attract consumers who only want one. Second, fixed costs are a necessary but not sufficient condition for tying to occur in competitive markets. Firms eliminate a product choice that some consumers want because it enables them to avoid the fixed costs of offering it separately. Or, to put it another way, firms cannot provide some products separately because there is not enough demand to cover the costs. Third, pure bundling can arise for two reasons which are worth distinguishing: (1) moderate fixed costs when many consumers demand all components and demand is low for at least one of the individual components; and (2) high fixed costs. Without fixed costs, our assumptions generally imply mixed bundling. Under mixed bundling, the bundle is available for those who want both goods and the separate products are available for those who want just one. With some fixed costs, however, pure bundling can result if many customers want both goods and demand for the component does not justify the fixed cost of offering them separately. Pure bundling can also occur, however, even if no consumer wants both components. These will happen when fixed costs are very high, which in turn implies that pure bundling saves significant fixed costs over components selling. Fourth, firms may sell some but not all of the components separately from the bundle. This occurs when demand for the bundle and one of the separate components is substantial but demand for the other is not. In a separate welfare analysis we show that firms may not offer the optimal product variety (the standard result in the product variety literature) but that the tendency is to offer too much mixed bundling rather than to offer too much tying. Table 3 contains our first example. The size of each group of consumers is 100. The marginal costs of both goods ; and 2 are 8 while the marginal cost of the bundle is 14. Since the latter is less than the sum of the components prices, there are marginal cost savings from bundling. Fixed costs are 600 It follows that the prices of the components under mixed bundling are 14 while the price of the bundle is 20. As the next line in the Table indicates, the price of the bundle under pure bundling is 16. It is lower than the price of the bundle under mixed bundling because more customers share the fixed cost. Under components selling, the prices of the components are 11 each. As with pure bundling, the prices are lower than under mixed bundling becau se the fixed costs are shared with a larger group. Before turning to why mixed bundling is sustainable, let us consider why the other product configurations are not. Under pure bundling, the price of the bundle is 16. This price is susceptible to entry by, say, a producer of good 1 at a price of 14. This component price is less than the 16 that group 1 pays for the bundle under mixed bundling, and it is sufficient to cover costs even if only group 1 buys the bundle. A pure component selling, in which the price of each of the two goods is 11, is not sustainable either. Group B pays a total of 22 for the two components, so entry with the bundle at a price of 20 attracts group B and is profitable. When the bundle and just good 1 are offered, the price of the bundle is 17. Entry by a supplier of good 2 at a price of 11 is then profitable. For the same reason, it is not sustainable to offer just the bundle and good 2. Having seen how entry can prevent a set of offerings from being sustainable, we can now understand why mixed bundling is sustainable in this case. All possible products are offered in mixed bundling, so it is not possible to enter with a new product. We do, however, need to consider whether cutting the price of an existing product (or products) to attract an additional block of customers would be profitable. At these prices, it is not. For example, to sell the bundle at a price that is low enough to attract groups 1 and 2; one would still have to charge 16. But that would not be low enough to attract groups 1 and 2, which can purchase only the good they want under mixed bundling for 14. Similarly, cutting the price of the components to attract group B would not be profitable. If group B purchased the components, the prices would still have to be 11. Group B would then pay 22 for both goods, which is more than the 20 it pays for the bundle under mixed bundling. There are a number of factors that give rise to mixed bundling in this example. First, there are marginal cost savings from bundling. At the same time, the marginal cost of the bundle exceeds the marginal cost of just one of the components. So, putting fixed costs aside, there would be an advantage to having the separate components available to those who want just one of them. Also, the demand for each of the three possible products is substantial; and, while fixed costs are present, they are not so great as to preclude offering one of the goods. The results in Table 3 depend, of course, on the assumed values for each of the seven variables in the model. Small changes in each variable would affect prices, but mixed bundling would still be the qualitative outcome. With larger changes, however, the qualitative outcome would change as well. Since mixed bundling means that all three of the possible products are offered, any change would eliminate one or more of the products offered. For example, consider a reduction in the number of people who want just good 1. The fixed cost of offering good 1 would then have to be spread over a smaller customer base so the price of good 1 would have to increase. When the number of people who want only good 1 is sufficiently small, the price of good 1 would exceed the price of the bundle. Consumers who want just good 1 would then buy the bundle (anSd discard good 2). Good 1 would disappear from the market, leaving good 2 and the bundle as the only products offered. In that case, good 2 is tied to good 1. Just as a reduction in the number of people who want good 1 causes the price of good 1 to go up, an increase in X1 causes the price to drop. With a sufficiently large increase in the demand for good 1 alone, the price can drop enough that people who want both goods find it cheaper to buy them separately. The bundle disappears from the market. The result is pure components selling, which does not entail tying. Table 4 shows the change in product offerings that could result from sufficiently large increases and decreases of each of the seven variables in the model. (As we note, in some cases, even a large change will not alter the product offerings.) The first row of the table reports the results described above. The left half of that row says that with a sufficiently large decrease in X1, the set of products offered becomes the bundle and good 2 while good 1 is no longer offered. The right hand half of the first row shows that with a sufficiently large increase in the demand for good 1, the set of products offered are goods 1 and 2 while the bundle is no longer offered. As Table 4 indicates, there are two cases in which mixed bundling are the qualitative outcome no matter how much the variable change (in the given direction). One of these is a reduction in fixed costs. That result makes intuitive sense. Fixed costs in the model can cause a potential product not to be offered. Given the other assumed values in Table 4, fixed costs of 600 are low enough that all three of the possible products can be offered profitably. A reduction in the fixed cost of a product offering would only reinforce the possibility of providing for each group the product tailored to its particular demand.

Toyota And Lexus Pestel Analysis

Toyota And Lexus Pestel Analysis The purpose of this report is to conduct a strategic appraisal of Ebrahim Khalil Kanoo Group and assess the implications for the strategy of the company. To conduct these analysis two main stages will be taken into consideration. Firstly the external environment of the company that will focus on its wider environment by applying a PESTEL framework and Porters five forces that will lead on to identify key opportunities and threats facing the company. Secondly the internal resource capability analysis that will focus on the companies Recourse Audit and its value chain followed by a linkage of its Core Competency by applying the VRIN analysis, that will lead to an indication of the key strengths and weaknesses of E.K.Kanoo Group. For over a century, the Kanoo family has been one of Bahrains leading merchant dynasties. With business connections spanning the Arab world and South Asia from the days of antiquity even before the invention of the motor car the Kanoo name has for generations been a byword for trust, service, and dependability. In 1920, there were only two cars on the island of Bahrain, both owned by the Ruling family. Therefore in 1952 Ebrahim took the chance to established himself as a leading importer of automobiles and spare parts under the name Green Auto Stores, securing in 1966 the sole authorized distributorship in Bahrain of Toyota automobiles, industrial vehicles and related services. The Toyota Motor Corporation was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. The first vehicle, the Toyota AA, was produced in 1936 whilst the company was still associated with Toyoda. The brand as we know it became established as an independent company in 1937 and changed their name to Toyota. They opened their first factory in 1938 but it had to be cease production during World War II. In 1974, Ebrahims sons, Mohamed and Fuad, assumed responsibility for the day-to-day operations and strategic direction of the business, steering it into a new era. They formed the E.K. Kanoo Group of Companies. Focus was initially exclusively on the Toyota franchise, and this resulted in the establishment of one of the most sophisticated and successful automotive businesses in the region. In 1989 Toyota launched their new luxury product line Lexus and in 1990 the company was offered to become the sole distributorship of Lexus automobiles. Toyota is currently one of the largest corporations developing hybrid vehicles for the commercial market. Today, with more than 50 years of commitment to service excellence, E.K. Kanoo is universally acknowledged as one of the islands automotive pioneers of Toyota and lexus, developing and exceeding expectations in the automotive business. The next generation of the Kanoo family are now fully involved in the business and are building their careers, and expanding the business, in the founders footsteps. Further diversification expansion took the group into other business areas, building new companies with the same commitment to trust, commitment and dependability such as Kanoo IT, security 1, Kanoo Power solution. Kanoo IT in 1999 In 1999 Kanoo IT was launched as a division of Ebrahim K. Kanoo B.S.C.(c) which deals in A commitment to first-rate ICT product and service support that is reflected in its partnership with the leading hardware and software brands throughout the world. The changing face of the ICT industry drives Kanoo ITs strategy to provide industry leading products and services to its clientele in Bahrain. The company has geared itself to meet this challenge by offering an innovative range of products and allied services and being sensitive to the precise needs of todays customer Security 1 in 2006 In 2006 Security One was launched as a division of Ebrahim K. Kanoo B.S.C.(c). Which deals in a division of the Ebrahim K Kanoo Group of Companies that stands on developing and providing specialized solutions in the areas of Security, Fire, Safety and Automation requirements for all Governmental, Commercial, Residential and Industrial projects. In involvement with the foremost and established international product manufacturers in Security business, it has created a strong Competence Center in Bahrain with an professional experienced team of consultants and certified engineers, aimed at providing the most innovative and cost effective solutions, coupled with excellent customer support and after sales service. They develop, deliver and support the most mission-critical applications to meet the most stringent customer service requirements Kanoo Power solution in 2006 In 2006 the Kanoo Power Solutions was launched as a division of Ebrahim K. Kanoo B.S.C.(c) which deals in power products for industrial applications. It is the Authorised Distributor in the Kingdom of Bahrain for Exide Technologies and Chloride UPS Systems who are pioneers in their respective fields. Exide batteries have a design life ranging from 5 to 20 years and are available in both AGM and Gel technology. Exide Technologies is a Global leader in stored electrical energy solutions for all major critical reserve standby power applications and needs. Standby power applications include communication/data networks, UPS systems for computers and control systems, electrical power generation and distribution systems, as well as a wide range of other industrial standby power applications. Toyota Lexus PESTEL Analysis The first stage of the external environment analysis is through the PESTEL framework that helps E.K.Kanoo managers understand the big picture of the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal issues that they are operating within. (reference) Based on our research it has been recognised that they share the same analysis as the mother company in Japan but differ in some areas.(To be added) Political factors: impact on many vital areas such as the environment of the workforce, the humans health and the quality of technology such as hybrid system. Based on our research, Toyota have positive political impact. By producing the environmental friendly cars which use less gasoline and reduce dependency on petrol, Therefore, the country itself reduce the dependence of the petrol. On the other hand EKKanoo and its customers benefit from this issue as prices of full are much lower than Japan and the US. The dependence of the natural gas and oil from the foreign source will directly and indirectly affect one country economy growth and also the national security. Growth in the infrastructure development sector following the announcement of Qatar hosting the 2022 world cup and Qatar Bahrain causeway will revise the economy.(Economical factor) The social unrest continues to weigh heavily on the countrys political stability. People are not in a position to comfortably invest in expensive products. Economical factors: This includes interest rates, taxation charges such as the road tax, insurance tax, economic growth, inflation and tax incentive. In other words, the costs have to pay more for car users. Economy is also another impact to almost all countries around the world. The consumers start to choose the hybrid car based on the benefits of fuel savings over time which means the paid back. There had been a slight decline in sales of non-luxury automotive brands due to the political unrest and economic slowdown (2009-2011), but the figures this year reflect a positive outlook and the growing sales numbers will carry forward in 2013. Market share for Toyota has increased over 2011 which was lost due to shortage of stock and end of cycle models. High projected oil prices in 2013-17 will contribute to financial surpluses. Neighbouring GCC investments will increase due to huge petrodollar surpluses. Major projects have been declared to commence and be completed by 2013 2014. These projects are residential as well as industrial; with the potential of increased population and commercial activities that would generate higher sales of vehicles and equipment. Appreciation of Yen currency does not help in maintaining competitive pricing. Social factors: This factor takes into consideration all events that affect the market and community socially. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages to the people of the area in which the project is taking place also need to be considered. These events include cultural expectations, norms, population dynamics, healthy consciousness, career altitudes and global warming. Due to the climate change become a serious topic nowadays, Therefore EKK is importing vehicles from Toyota which adapt with GCC standards and environment also Toyota should produce a vehicle which it will not bring pollution to the environment. Very low dependence on public transportation system in Bahrain, therefore people prefer to own cars. Technology factors: New technologies create new products and new processes. Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organizations providing the products. Toyota plaza is one of the largest service centres mechanism in the world for Toyota and Lexus. Enterprise Recourses Planning (ERP) which have the latest version of oracle system. Legal factors: Organizations also have to adjust their products and ways of operating to the different regulatory and legislative framework that govern each of the products areas and countries in which they are active. Other than that, the programs also need to take into consideration. Organizations have to follow all the rules and regulations which are set by the governance even if there is new technology involvement, Electrical cars from Toyota which the company cannot import due to country economic growth issues. Changes of country importing rules and regulations can affect. Number of automobiles allowed into the country and yard parking cost. Environmental factors: include the weather and climate change. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. In Bahrain one of the GCC countries which have hot climate over the year.(to be changed). E.K.K have signed contracts with recycling companies to recycle all after service materials such as oil, tiers, spark plugs and packaging boxes. All imported cars are installed with an friendly environment exhaust system that reduces the amount of air pollution. Porters 5 forces As for considering the competitive issues the organisation faces Porters five forces helps identify the attractiveness of the industry it operates in and helps it understand the strength of the current competitive position.(reference) Power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is low. There are various types of suppliers in the vehicles industry, including the cooling system, electrical system, braking system and fuel supply system distributed across the globe. EKKanoo became the sole distributor of parts and extended their car warranty to 4 years/150,000 KM with a 3 year free service package and built a good network of service and parts centres throughout the region. However, most vehicle manufactures own many interchangeable suppliers, and also have the ability to produce the components by their own in the short time. Thus, the suppliers do not own the power to change the price. Power of buyers The Bargaining power of buyers is high. Bahrain market continues to be price driven for most of the customers segments. Today, buyers have a lot of information channel, such as the internet, where can easily find the proper vehicle. And, the preferences of the private consumers are important to the vehicle corporations. If automobile Company increases one type, they can also choose other type or the cheaper one. Customers look for more discounts, free service packs and better financial schemes or they can easily find the substitutes. Such as used cars, trade in or exporting from other countries. Threat of new entrants The entrants cannot enter to the automotive industry easily, as automobiles are special products that require a large amount of money on the design, monopolize the market, electronic functions, and safety issues. And another important issue is the brand loyalty in the car market. Vehicle firms always benefit the brand value, and decrease the consumer sensitivity about the price. As EKKanoo has been the first automotive industry on the island and Toyota stands for Quality, Safety, Durability and Reliability; a benchmark in the automotive world customers have a strong belief in the brand and feel that Toyota is the most reliable brand in the automotive market and feel that it has become more advanced technologically with refined interior which reflect unrivalled elegance and exclusiveness. Therefore Toyota stands out as a high value brand and Low cost of ownership is associated with the brand. Rivalry among competitors The competition in the auto industry is strong. The top eight auto companies have occupy large part of global revenues, and these automobile manufacturers strengthened the globalization and consolidation across the worldwide range. Korean brands are proving to be a potential threat with the introduction of attractive design and features at competitive prices. This reflects their increase in market share over the years. Competition among the Japanese brands is intense, American brands will take advantage from the appreciated Japanese Yen and Chinese brands have started to show their presence in the market. With new models being launched in 2013 for the Toyota line up, Toyota would be able to dominate the market and emerge as the leading brand. Toyota will face intense competition from Nissan, Hyundai and Kia in the passenger segment, youthful and sporty brands will have more opportunity. Nissan poses to be the major threat for Toyota in Bahrain as they have an aggressive pricing strategy which is helping them to dominate the market. This is reflected in the increase of market share of Nissan over the years. Korean products have a more youthful and sporty design with added technological features at a competitive price. The main competitors of Luxes in Bahrain are BMW, Mercedes, Audi and Infinitià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 5. Threat of substitutes The threat of the substitutes is high. There are a lot of substitutes in the automobile industry. When the price of the vehicles rises, the substitutes will emerge, there are many types of equipment that can take the place of vehicles, such bus, subway, bicycle and even walking. In Bahrain it is Low because of the hot clement it is hard for people to walk and ride bikes, low public transportation services as its a small island. Internal Environment Analysis Resource Audit: The next stage is to carry out an analysis of E.K.Kanoos internal resource capability by applying the Threshold and Distinction capability framework that will maintain a briefing of the resources available to the company and how they help them achieve competitive advantage and superior performance. Threshold Resources: Based on the analysis of E.K.Kanoo business field its Threshold Resources are the need of capital, showrooms, service garages, storage, logistics, land transportation, customers, suppliers, technical equipment, shop and garage equipment and staff personal to achieve its competitive advantage and superior performance within the market. Threshold competences: Marketing E.K.Kanoo has a high strategy of innovation therefore the need of marketing is highly recommended to launch its new automobiles, spare parts and accessories , for example handling the launch of 2013 models. IT systems Updated technologies and IT experts are crucial for the running of the business as without these, the organisation would not succeed as they have innovated the organisation with the Oracle system that will be explained farther along in the report . Distribution E.K.Kanoo has managed to lower the cost of distribution which is also a vital part of its business by having its storage spaces next to the automobile market and within its service centres. Competitor research Having an insight on what competitors are doing helps E.K.Kanoo achieve constant marketing innovation to continue making progress over its competitors.? Customer relations One of E.K.Kanoo distinct features is its Online and mobile Personalised Service that is arranged by the customer relations management department that is computerized System for Identifying, Targeting, Acquiring, and Retaining the Customers, helps in Profiling , Understanding Their Needs, and in Building Relationships With Them By Providing the Most Suitable Products and Enhanced Customer Service and also Integrates Back and Front Office Systems to Create a Database of Customer Contacts, Purchases, and Technical Support, Among Other Things. This Database Helps The Company in Presenting a Unified Face to Its Customers, and Improve The Quality of the Relationship. Recently they have introduced the customer online service appointment booking system that will ? Allowing customers to provide direct feedback and recommendations to them to increase company innovation and customer satisfaction? Distinctive resources: Location E.K.Kanoo has expanded from operating in the capital only to operating all around the Kingdom of Bahrain. Recruitment Staff are recruited based on the companys needs and is also task oriented, targeting experienced people with high talent and thus target staff working for well known companies such as ? Price -? Scale of business Moving from selling random automobiles only to covering all customer needs from all types of Toyota and Luxes automobiles, offering service packages, spare parts and accessories plus innovation by introducing .? Brand image -? Distinctive competence: Supplier advantage Amazons ability to source a different range of suppliers. Starting with Ingram books, the largest book distributor in the US, before going live online. After which Amazon built many different types of distributors, from the seller customers to book publishers. Building relationships with well known manufactures and brands along the way easing the launch of Kindle. Three pillar strategy Selection; by offering a wide selection of both luxury and passenger automobiles , Price; committing to price leadership with no sacrifice to quality by offering free shipping and on time delivery, Convenience; by dedicating many resources and building a customer relation management team to understand its customers needs and wants. Technology E.K.K enhanced its technology by launching the online service appointment and rent a car option on its website. Value Chain Analysis: Analysing the value chain will help describe the categories of activities within E.K.Kanoo which together creates its retail service. Support activates: Firm Infrastructure: E.K.Kanoo corporate headquarter is based in Manama the capital of the Kingdom and its showroom is placed in the middle of the automotive marked district, as E.K.Kanoo is a sales and after sales business they built a good network of service and parts centres throughout the region and expanded the service branches all over the main cities of Bahrain to reduce customer traffic and time consuming. Human Resource Management: Employees are an expensive and vital resource. EKKanoo manage recruitment and selection, training and development, rewards and remuneration. They consider their employees as HUMAN CAPITAL and this is mostly focused on the technical side as the select technicians based on specific sanders that enhance them to be sent for a two years secondment to the mother company in Japan to improve their talent management and implement it within the organisation. They also follow the team 21 technical training scheme the development of this new team curriculum was necessary to keep carnet with changes in the automotive industry and to take advantage of advanced training technology to better serve customers satisfaction, achieving high efficiency and quality work process in each service shop, is the main global of restructuring service training. The mission and objectives of the organisation is the driving force behind the HRM strategy. Technology Development: Technology is an important source of competitive advantage. Companies need to innovate to reduce costs and to protect and sustain competitive advantage. Therefore EKKanoo implemented its own Enterprise Resource Planning team that installed the Oracle system to the organization by liking it from its headquarters to all branches and department all threw the kingdom that could be modified based on the departments requirements as pear enhancement report that shows departments needs objectives of their requests besides to advantages and how it will impact the business, billet one of the largest and most advanced Toyota and Lexus service centers in the world called the Toyota plaza that is installed with the most advanced technology equipment that assures health and safety to both the environment and staff, increases service quality, equipped with the latest accidents repair and chassis alignment technologies, the most advanced painting systems and quality control t echniques are utilized in the Toyota Plaza. Kaizen continual development that calculates the utilization performance of all technical support that are engaged in the technical work field. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) ( ? ), and many other technological developments. Procurement: This function is responsible for all purchasing of goods, services and materials. The aims to secure the lowest possible price for purchases of the highest possible quality. Toyota motors will be responsible for outsourcing (components or operations that would normally be done in-house are done by other organizations), and e-Purchasing (using ITand web-based technologies to achieve procurement aims). Primary activates: Inbound Logistics: E.K.Kanoo invests in Research and Development to enable them to find new ways to improve their customer experiences and, taking into account customer feedback to understand their wants and needs before ordering any new vehicles. Operations: Operations include organizing and ordering the parts and accessories for new cars, and the final tune for a new cars engine. E.K.Kanoo are known for their reliability which comes from efficient operations. Therefore they always take into consideration the number of sales staff and technicians that are required to be trained to achieve organization and customer satisfaction during the sales and after sales process. Outbound Logistics: The goods are now finished, and they need to be sent along the supply chain to wholesalers, retailers or the final consumer. Toyota motors manage their own Showrooms in different countries. Toyota motors make their product easily assessable. Marketing sales: In true customer orientated fashion, at this stage E.K.Kanoo prepares the offering to meet the needs of targeted customers. Therefore they focus strongly upon receiving the ordered vehicles, coordinating the logistic yard, marketing communications, promotions mix and showroom display. Service: This includes all areas of service such as final checking, after-sales service, complaints handling, training and so on. E.K.Kanoo value their customers Support Activities.

Gay Marriage Should be Legalized Essay -- Legal Issues, Gay Marriage

There are numerous opinions and standing views on gay marriage. The argument regarding gay marriage should be legalized or not is extremely controversial. According to an article from the Human Rights Campaign, there is nothing wrong with allowing homosexuals to have the same rights as those who are heterosexual. Every individual person should be granted equal rights, regardless of sexuality. Gay marriage should be legalized in all states and countries, it has been held off for too long. Moreover, there are several reasons why homosexuals feel strongly about wanting to be legally married. One reason that is most commonly heard is, they want to legally show their love for each other by having a marriage license. Homosexuals want the right to marry like anybody else, and for the same reasons too. They are in love and want to spend their lives with this person. Even though it is possible to do this without being married; â€Å"they want to honor their relationship in the greatest way our society has to offer† (90). There be no reason two people cannot marry despite their sexuality. If a man and woman get to marry because they love each other, what is the difference between a man and a man or a woman and a woman wanting to marry because, they love each other? Also, another cause why homosexuals want the right to marry their spouse is because they are being cheated of rights. Although, two people love each other, if they cannot marry they are losing rights. Marria ge gives both spouses benefits, â€Å"same-sex couples in long-term, committed relationships pay higher taxes and are denied basic protection and rights granted to married heterosexual couples† (90). It is unfair to couples of the same-sex to lose rights based on sexuality. They are... ...an† (97). Some people have lived by this mind set of what a marriage is, but not every thing only has one outlook. A marriage is ultimately two people that are serious and love each other, gender takes no place when a person really takes time to think about what a marriage actually is. Regardless, there is always going to be two views on gay marriage; it is up to each individual to decide which view they agree with. Gay marriage should be legally recognized, what is so right about a heterosexual marriage compared to homosexuals? They both start with the letter â€Å"H†, the only difference is the genders. Nobody should have the right to determine what is considered â€Å"right†, marriage makes a couple officially together; it does not affect anybody but them. Labels should not define love, and by not allowing same gender couple the right to marry is unfair and wrong. Gay Marriage Should be Legalized Essay -- Legal Issues, Gay Marriage There are numerous opinions and standing views on gay marriage. The argument regarding gay marriage should be legalized or not is extremely controversial. According to an article from the Human Rights Campaign, there is nothing wrong with allowing homosexuals to have the same rights as those who are heterosexual. Every individual person should be granted equal rights, regardless of sexuality. Gay marriage should be legalized in all states and countries, it has been held off for too long. Moreover, there are several reasons why homosexuals feel strongly about wanting to be legally married. One reason that is most commonly heard is, they want to legally show their love for each other by having a marriage license. Homosexuals want the right to marry like anybody else, and for the same reasons too. They are in love and want to spend their lives with this person. Even though it is possible to do this without being married; â€Å"they want to honor their relationship in the greatest way our society has to offer† (90). There be no reason two people cannot marry despite their sexuality. If a man and woman get to marry because they love each other, what is the difference between a man and a man or a woman and a woman wanting to marry because, they love each other? Also, another cause why homosexuals want the right to marry their spouse is because they are being cheated of rights. Although, two people love each other, if they cannot marry they are losing rights. Marria ge gives both spouses benefits, â€Å"same-sex couples in long-term, committed relationships pay higher taxes and are denied basic protection and rights granted to married heterosexual couples† (90). It is unfair to couples of the same-sex to lose rights based on sexuality. They are... ...an† (97). Some people have lived by this mind set of what a marriage is, but not every thing only has one outlook. A marriage is ultimately two people that are serious and love each other, gender takes no place when a person really takes time to think about what a marriage actually is. Regardless, there is always going to be two views on gay marriage; it is up to each individual to decide which view they agree with. Gay marriage should be legally recognized, what is so right about a heterosexual marriage compared to homosexuals? They both start with the letter â€Å"H†, the only difference is the genders. Nobody should have the right to determine what is considered â€Å"right†, marriage makes a couple officially together; it does not affect anybody but them. Labels should not define love, and by not allowing same gender couple the right to marry is unfair and wrong.

Using bones, teeth and joints for reconstructing activity in past human

During an individual’s lifetime the activities they involve themselves in impact on their many bodily tissues. Markers for these activities are left in the bones, joints and dentition which is useful for anthropologists as only skeletal material is left in the case of most ancient populations. Subsequently much research has been undertaken in this area with varying levels of validity.In this essay I seek to explain what information can be reliably gathered from skeletal material, it will focus on bone density and muscle attachments associated with heavy workloads, joint wear caused by repeated processes such as grinding grain, osteoarthritis and tooth wear associated with tool use. To aid this discussion I will detail the activity changes involved in the transition between a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and a sedentary agricultural lifestyle. I will also consider the strengths and weaknesses of this type of reconstructory speculation, arguing that unless the aforementioned markers are assessed in a non-subjective, quantifiable way the findings are not comparable to others displaying similar markers. It has been well documented that according to Wolff’s law, bone is constantly remodeling. Wolff's law states that bones within an animal will remodel due to the stress it is placed under. If stress on particular bones increase, bones will remodel over time becoming stronger, laying down bone tissue with higher levels of mineralisation. The opposite of this is also true, if the stress on a bone decreases, the bone will become weaker (Wolff, 1986). This correlates with the findings of Stock who reasons that ‘human skeletal robusticity is influenced by many factors, habitual behaviour being the most important’ (Stock, 2006). ... ...n the Georgia Coast. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64,125-136. Shackelford L.L., 2007. Regional Variation in the Postcranial Robusticity of Late Upper Paleolithic Humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133, 655–668 Stock T. J., 2006. Hunter-Gatherer Postcranial Robusticity Relative to Patterns of Mobility, Climatic Adaptation, and Selection for Tissue Economy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131, 194-204. Teaford M., 2005. Dental Microwear and Dental Function Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 3, 17 - 30 Valdes A.M., Spector T.D., 2008. The contribution of genes to osteoarthritis. Rheumatic Diease Clininics of North America 34, 581–603. White T., 2000. Human Osteology. Academic Press, London. Wolff J., 1986 The Law of Bone Remodeling. Springer, New York (translation of the German 1892 edition)

Eating Disorders and Pregnancy Essays -- Health Birth Nutrition Papers

Eating Disorders and Pregnancy Pregnancy has often been viewed as a period of great developmental change for women. This is also a period in which previously dormant psychological issues rise to the surface and when current issues have the potential to worsen. Because anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur primarily in young women, many of whom are of childbearing age, it is important to evaluate the potential medical and psychological consequences when an eating disordered woman becomes pregnant. During pregnancy, conflicts about body changes, alterations in roles, additions of responsibility, and concerns about a woman’s own mothering abilities are prevalent. Many of these concerns are also of great importance to the psychology of eating disorders. Thus, it is not surprising that anorexic and bulimic women have unique problems during their pregnancies (Franko and Walton 1993). The potential for pregnancy to exert a positive or negative influence on eating disorder symptoms is inconclusive. Some studies report a decline in symptoms, while other report heightened symptomatology. However, it has been found that when an eating disorder is present during a pregnancy, the risk of complications is increased (Conti 1998). Anorexia Nervosa and Pregnancy Pregnancy in patients with anorexia nervosa is rarely suspected. Amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) is invariably present and is often accompanied by sensations that resemble symptoms of pregnancy. These symptoms include a bloated abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. The detection of conception in anorectic patients is often delayed, and the consequences can be severe (Bonne, Rubinoff and Berry 1995). The course of pregna... ...: A Review and Clinical Implications.† International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 Jan; Vol. 13(1): 41-48. Lacey, J.H., and Smith, G. â€Å"Bulimia Nervosa: The Impact of Pregnancy on Mother and Baby.† British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987; Vol. 150: 777-781. Stein, A., H. Woolley, S.D. Cooper, and C.G. Fairburn. â€Å"An Observational Study of Mothers with Eating Disorders and Their Infants.† Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1994; Vol.35 (4): 733-748. Turton, Penelope, et al. â€Å"Incidence and Demographic Correlates of Eating Disorder Symptoms in a Pregnant Population.† International Journal of Eating Disorders.1999 Dec; Vol. 26(4): 448-452. Waugh, Elizabeth and Cynthia M. Bulik. â€Å"Offspring of Women with Eating Disorders.† International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 Mar; Vol. 25(2): 123-133.

Being at Cadet College

Respected —– Worthy teachers and my dear friends AOA Today I have been given an opportunity to express my feelings being here in a cadet college. I would start with the few words by one of the cadet like us. He says: â€Å"At 90-years-old, you will still remember the experiences, the camaraderie, and the friendships that develop with perfect clarity. The knowledge gained about yourself, as well as about this career, is immeasurable. † I feel the same. Cadets is a program that has changed my life and opened up various doors for me.The way I react in situations has changed because of cadets. Cadets isn't just a program that keeps you busy a few nights during the week. It gives you opportunities to travel, meet new people, to become a better leader and most importantly a better version of yourself. My favorite part of Cadets is the people I've met along the way. Through national competitions, and other activities, I have met some of the most amazing people. These pe ople have made a huge impact on my life.Despite the fact that I may not see some of them anymore, the impression they left will always be there. I thank the cadet program for making all of that possible. The essentials of religion taught in the class room, religious education in the classroom supplemented by prayers in the College Mosque, observance of fast in the month of Ramadan and holding of functions on days of religious significance helps us to practice religion in the best way. Moreover, the Morning Assembly begins with the recitation of Verses from the Holy Quran followed by their explanation.To get up 4 in the morning, physical training, and taking classes from 8 to 1, preps, afternoon games, regular drill, mess nights †¦. (aur bhi agar kuch huwa). and finally lights out at 10. This seemed to be so tough in the beginning. I used to think that I won’t be able to survive and did not consider it important to get up early and go to bed on time. But now that I have s urvived, I admit that this is the best life a student or a person can lead. Within a month or two I realized a great change in my physical health. This tough, well disciplined life has helped me get sound mind and body.And I am looking forward and excited about the activities in future like horse riding and swimming. Every day is a new experience, new lesson, new adventure. I can never forget the lesson that Discipline, bravery, honesty and modesty are the four foundation pillars for all of us who will be passing out from this institute. I make sure to keep up these pillars not thorough the years in this college but throughout the life. I have so many people to thank for where I am today, because I believe every experience and every person influences who you become.But first of all, Allah Almighty and then I'd like to thank my parents who got me into Cadets. To this day, I don't think they know how much they have actually done for me. I'd like to thank all the hard working staff at our Cadet College for making sure that we all got the opportunities we deserved. Most of all I would like —— (any other person) And finally, I'd like to thank you all for having me here to speak with you today. You were a great audience and I wish you all the best. (Thank you or good afternoon. )

Islamic Women

Islamic Women Is There an eradicate to their damages? The question proposed in the title is basic incessantlyy last(predicate)y a direct response later going through Geraldine support testify Nine Parts of Desire The a cut off(p) World of Islamic Women in its here and without delay chapter. Geraldine poses several ideas and personal experiences in which she tries to pick up the mystery of the perpetuating repressive and barbaric practices ( venereal mutilation, infibulations, hysterectomy, and accolade killings) that puddle nonhing to do with Koranic teachings.She starts her essay in a minute description of a grue most and dreadful scene of a hysterectomy social function that took put in under short(p) and unequipped conditions (Brooks 33). exis cardinalcey a(prenominal) another(prenominal) women that were subjected to much(prenominal)(prenominal) practices ended up dead. For much(prenominal)(prenominal) manner, Dr. Abrehet Gebrekidan, a gynecologist, killere d the Eritreans help since her skills depart ensure their survival (Brooks 34). Further more than, the Kuran refused the existence of the dreadful genital mutilation procedures, but the women were not educated sufficient to read it (Brooks 35).And disrespect the consequences of such procedures, they believed that such procedures were to safeguard the girls chastity where the note of the fathers and brothers depended on (Brooks 37). As for men, they believed that these cognitive operations ar kindred to their awardings, thitherfore they essential repress women charge upualities by turning off their delight sites other than they will end up as prostitutes (Brooks 35). The prophet Muhammad, who is the ideal person of wholly in each(prenominal) Muslims, believed that women should enjoy sexual intercourse with their husbands. And that it is proscribe to take a means women desires (Brooks 39).According to Muslims, specific eithery Shiite, adultery sigheh or muta is acqui esceable and sancti angiotensin converting enzymed by a cleric where the twain argon to concentrateher mainly for having sex and providing bills (Brooks 43). Brooks also acknowledgments the idea of esteem killings that were and still adopted in some Islamic tribes. They believe that fathers and brothers have the mightily to kill their feature daughters or sisters when suspecting that they be having sexual intercourse without marriage (Brooks 49). Brooks obviously mentions that the Kuran (Islam) is not a inculpate of oppression to women, but then wherefore ar in that location so many women oppressed?All this leads to my personal keep going towards such an essential and critical issue. I agree with Geraldine Brooks that Islamic women should undertake against such unfair practices and beliefs, and to free themselves from the force out of ruled Islamic men for they be despicable from severe consequences. Islamic women should joint spokeswomen to put an end to their mi series where they crapper guard physical, social, and emotional stability. Imagine you were unrivaled of the African women who were subjected to such horrifying operation, how would you feel? Frightened, disgusted, hopeless, and worthless.Genital mutilation is a result of delusions of men where they appreciate that their honor will be preserved and maintained through such operations. It is devastating what they do to such women. Their push is cut off in an unprofessional way with measly and unclean equipment which led them to suffer from a luck of bruise during sexual intercourse. Moreover, such women used to bleed to death during such operations or if not during the operation then later by suffering from severe infections and debilitating anemia (Brooks 34). To enhance such point, Brooks reflected the real keep experience of a woman that had her clitoris cut off when she was eight.After getting unite, she was subjected to pain e precise time she had sex with her husban d. And enceinte birth to her last fifth electric razor ended her life (Brooks 33). Women are suffering from physical malfunctions and even death for something they are born with. Is it fair for men to have their honors preserved at the expense of losing so many innocent women? Isnt there another way? According to the Kuran in Islam, and the hadith of the prophet Mohammad, women have the established right to enjoy sex and recompense their pleasures with their husbands.Men and women are equal when it comes to sex until now they should be married as the sharia law (Law) of Islam states (Brooks 39). The Islamic religion did not mention about hysterectomy and did not approve of it as a way to reflect mans honor. The prophet Muhammad considered sex to be not only a call up to have children but an enjoyable and pleasing relation amid the couple, and he himself enjoyed it with all his wives (Brooks 41). Moreover, some state might think that the citizens in Saudi Arabia are of all t ime confused about sex since theyre women are covered with a veil.However, these people talk about sex all the time and it is not a un sealed topic for them. For example, Brooks knew a couple in Saudi Arabia that fell in love over the phone and concur to instantly unify. When Brooks was invited to their home, she was surprised that women there talk about sex all the time and it is a mean for pleasure (Brooks 40). This ensures and proves that women who are having sex while married and enjoying it, is socially and religiously acceptable. But despite that, people are ignoring such issues and girls that did not even reach the age of ten dont have a choice.They are just taught that it is important for them to permit hysterectomy for the sake of their families. The horrors of these operations keep haunting them throughout their lives until they are long gone. hotshot by one, all these women are macrocosm killed for the sake of their spouses believing that it is the right choice. It is so ironic to me that women get married to decline instead of living happily ever after. Women are definitely imprisoned by the power of men. Till now, the sufferings of women that Ive explained are because of mens demands and authorities.To be more precise, here comes the notion of so-called honor killing. To men, and oddly Islamic men, honor is extremely important to them and the family in their have got fiat. It is so important that they would kill their own flesh and blood for the sake of preserving their honors. In her essay, Brooks mentions the example of the nineteen historic period old girl that was found buttoned up in a go bad car. She was murdered by her own father because the girl was pregnant and unmarried (Brooks 51). The poor little girl had an affair in all probability with her loved one, and for that she faced her miserable destiny.Isnt it all cleared out now? All these crimes, inhumane acts, and the never stopping point miseries of women are the result of the demands and satisfaction of the regnant men. Therefore, gynecologists revealed a new modern way for such girls to protect themselves for death by brooking a procedure called hymenoplasty, also cognize as hymen reconstruction surgery. Lebanon is one of the Arab countries that adopted such procedure (Hankir 387). In Lebanon, the majority of people sense having sex before marriage a forbidden and a sin. To them, virginity of a girl is something so sacred and it determines her honor.Therefore, a girl must remain virgin until she gets married other no man will accept her, and it will cause a lot of problems in her family (Hankir 387). For example, a twenty five-year-old Diana wants to get her hymen reconstructed because she is afraid of losing the one she wants to marry, and she cant risk having her family find out. Obviously, the man she loves doesnt accept her as a non virgin (Hankir 387). But the generation now a days is very much different than the generation of our pare nts and their parents. Sexuality, and especially in Lebanon, has become something normal between two couples.Many teenagers are having sex since their beliefs and mentalities are more up to date and westernized. Also, they can always resort to hymenoplasty as a solution for their sins. I believe that this procedure is somehow helpful in certain cases. For example, when a girl gets raped, she can undergo hymenoplasty to cover up for something she had nothing to do with. If she didnt, many boys will refuse to marry her, and she will be judged wrongly all her life. Genital mutilation is definitely not a substitution for honor killing and ungodliness versa. Both highlight and reflect crimes, inhumanity, and barbarity.Cant we all just build a society where it is banned from men imperious women and having the right to kill their daughters? A society where women are as much tidy as men and are not afraid to hide their reality with a plastic surgery? Also, there should exist an acceptabl e punishment for those girls far absent from ending their lives since God only is responsible for such duty. To sum up, we live in the Arab world where man was and is still overabundant over women. Men tend to catch the lives of women as they want to as if they are nothing more than slaves.Honor killing, genital mutilation, and no education are all part of the plan of men. Women are just for fulfill the pleasure of men, and giving birth. Men guardianship the idea of educating women since they will become as powerful as men and try out to free and protect themselves from the captivation of men. And this leads me to my concluding stand. Women are capable of living a much more healthy and bright life by strengthening their will and educating themselves. They should not tolerate the demands of men for they fuck off nothing but miseries and severe consequences on their lives.